Control and Management-tools of Reproductive Physiology in Dairy Cattle: Current Knowledge and the Future Strategies in Africa Control and Management-tools of Reproductive Physiology in Dairy Cattle: Current Knowledge and the Future Strategies in Africa

Abstract

This study reviewed that several research discoveries have indicated for ESP to be a routine reproductive physiology control and management-tool for cattle producers is enable to: Shorten the breeding-and-calving-season, to create calf-crop uniformity, to enhance the efficiency of resources utilizations-possibilities, to eliminates the need to detect-estrus and allows herd-manager to schedule-breeding or artificial insemination (AI) activities in a predetermined period lasting from 1 to 12 days. AI permits to infuse superior-genetics into cattle-operations at costs far below that of purchasing a herd-sire of similar standards. These tools remain the most important reproductive biotechnologies available for cattle operations. The ESPs in cattle, especially the recent protocols involving the use of GnRH, from a series of studies using the Ovsynch protocol, averaged the conception and pregnancy-rates 34.9 and 37.9%, respectively. In general, it is concluded that a well-planned ESPs (are expected to have about 50–60% of cycling-cows pregnant at first service/breeding after synchronization, and 80–90% pregnant within a 30-day breeding-season) involves the application of hormones GnRH, FSH, LH, PGF2α, estradiols, progesterones, and prolactin as major-tools. Finally, for all ESPs to be effective and efficient, it is strongly-recommended that better-feeding and-management of healthy dairy-cows “having regular estrous cycle, and > body condition scores =4†is much more necessary.